{"nrhp_refnum":"66000912","name":"Fort Monroe","other_names":[],"category":"district","location":{"address":"Old Point Comfort","address_restricted":false,"city":"Hampton (Independent City)","county":"Hampton","state":"VA","lat":37.00312812300007,"lon":-76.30828701499996,"geom_source":"nps_gis"},"listed_date":"1966-10-15","is_nhl":true,"nhl_designated_date":"1960-12-19","areas_of_significance":["Military","Politics/Government"],"significance_levels":["national","local"],"summary":{"what_it_is":"Fort Monroe is a large seven-sided masonry fortress and surrounding military district at Old Point Comfort in Hampton, Virginia, built between 1819 and 1847 and designed by Simon Bernard. The district includes the fort, detached batteries, quarters, a wharf and a lighthouse.","why_significant":"The form calls it the largest fortress ever built in America and ties it to Civil War events, including its role as a haven for escaped slaves, Jefferson Davis's imprisonment, and the Monitor-Merrimack battle. It also housed the Army's first artillery school, and its batteries illustrate coast artillery development from 1824 to 1904.","narrative":"Fort Monroe occupies Old Point Comfort in Hampton, Virginia, where a seven-sided stone fortress was built between 1819 and 1847. General Simon Bernard, once an aide to Napoleon I, designed it to protect the channel from Chesapeake Bay into Hampton Roads. The walls are ten feet thick at the base, and the fort covers sixty-three acres. The wider district includes Quarters No. 1, Engineer Wharf, the 1802 Old Point Comfort Lighthouse, and Endicott-era batteries built between 1892 and 1906. During the Civil War the fort stayed in Union hands, became a refuge for escaped slaves after General Benjamin Butler's 1861 declaration, and held Jefferson Davis as a prisoner from 1865. The Army's first artillery school opened here in 1824 and remained, with closures, until 1946. Its batteries show the shift from masonry fortification to detached coastal guns. Robert E. Lee and Edgar Allan Poe both served at the post as young men.","period_of_significance":"1819-1946","architect_builder":"Simon Bernard (designer, former aide to Napoleon I); Corps of Engineers (Engineer Wharf)","architectural_style":null,"criteria":[],"status_note":"Owned by the Department of the Army, occupied and in government and military use at the time of the form; Old Point Comfort Lighthouse still in operation; Battery Anderson/George Ruggles described as crumbling.","vacant_flag":false,"machine_generated":true,"model":"claude-sonnet-5-5","prompt_version":"v1.0-2026-10-29","generated_at":"2026-10-29 02:51:58.157247-05","source_pdf":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/opastorage/live/27/6811/41681127/content/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_VA/66000912.pdf"},"photo":{"url_800":"https://nationalhistoricalregister.com/media/66000912/240c6dfba0-800.webp","url_1600":"https://nationalhistoricalregister.com/media/66000912/240c6dfba0-1600.webp","licence":"Public domain","author":null,"credit_html":"<a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg\" rel=\"noopener\">Unknown author</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons","source_page":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Monroe_Aerial.jpg"},"district":null,"sources":{"nps_snapshot_date":"2026-05-22","nara_catalog":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/41681127","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438639"},"indexable":true,"url":"https://nationalhistoricalregister.com/virginia/hampton/fort-monroe-66000912/"}